Experimental Validation of State of Charge Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter and Modified Coulomb Counting
Keywords:
BMS, EKF, modified Coulomb counting, 18650 lithium ions.Abstract
The operation of batteries in energy storage systems (SAE) is controlled by the battery management system (BMS). Within the scope of research related to the functions of the BMS, there is attention to the methods of estimating the state of charge (SOC) that use state estimators. Among the estimators, there is the algorithm known as the extended Kalman filter (EKF). This work proposes the implementation of the EKF for SOC estimation of a lithium ion 18650 single-cell battery, with experimental validation. The algorithm is embedded in BMS composed of Arduino MEGA 2560 microcontroller and auxiliary hardware. The battery is modeled using a simple model, which aims to facilitate implementation in embedded systems. The results revealed that the SOC estimation via EKF embedded in BMS showed maximum errors around 4%, a result compatible with other references in the literature. Based on the EKF approach, an alternative method, called a modified Coulomb counting, was defined, which uses parameters calculated in the EKF to establish a adaptive Coulomb counting to the unknown initial SOC. This new method is also capable of reducing estimation fluctuations, a common feature found in the EKF implementation. The use of the modified counting proved to be useful in several cases, often reducing the maximum estimation error to values less than 1%. Finally, the use of the simple model with EKF proved to be adequate in terms of the balance between precision and simplicity.
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Author Biographies
Oswaldo Hideo Ando Junior, Federal University Latin American Integration (UNILA)
Graduated in Electrical Engineering (2006) with Specialization in Business Management (2007) from Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA with Master in Electrical Engineering (2009) from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS and PhD in Mining, Metallurgical and of Materials by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS (2014). He is currently Professor of the Energy Engineering and Physical Engineering Course at the Federal University of Latin American Integration - UNILA and acts as an ad hoc consultant for FAPESC and Periodicals. He has experience in the area of Electrical Engineering and Energy Engineering working mainly on the following topics: Energy Conversion, Quality of Electrical Energy, Electric Power Systems, Capture of Residual Energy and Energy Efficiency. Member of the Scientific Technical Council of the Institute of Applied Technology and Innovation (ITAI) and of the Area Advisors Committee (CAA) of the Araucária Foundation / Pr.
Giovane Ronei Sylvestrin, Federal University of Latin American Integration – UNILA
Giovane Ronei Sylvestrin, Graduated in Energy Engineering (2017) from the Federal University of Latin American Integration – UNILA. Master's Degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering (2020) from the State University of Western Paraná – Unioeste. Currently a Ph.D. student in Energy and Sustainability from the UNILA. He works on the following topics: renewable energy sources, energy storage, energy management, embedded systems, distributed generation systems, energy efficiency.
Helton Fernando Scherer, Western Paraná State University – UNIOESTE
Helton Fernando Scherer, Graduated in Electrical Engineering (2006) from the Western Paraná State University – UNIOESTE. Received the Master´s Degree (2009) and Ph.D (2014) in Automation and Systems Engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina – UFSC. His research interests are in modelling and control of energy storage systems, energy management, and distributed model predictive control.
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