Real-time inertia estimation via ARMAX model representation and synchrophasor measurements

Authors

Keywords:

Inertia estimation, Frequency response, PMU, Online estimation

Abstract

This paper introduces the real-time implementation with the actual hardware architecture environment (HAE) of an online estimation method that tracks the equivalent time-varying inertia in power systems. The proposed method enables automated and accurate inertia estimation, exploiting the ARMAX model representation and the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) disturbance time detector. The effectiveness and high accuracy of the proposed framework are successfully validated in laboratory conditions with actual synchronised measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) over a real-time emulated New England 39-bus system.
The estimate is achieved with a relative error ranging from 0.1% to 7%, even under noisy conditions and atypical measurement values. The literature reviewed does not report any estimation method that is more accurate than the one proposed in this work.

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Author Biographies

Alexander Sanchez-Ocampo, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies

Alexander Sánchez Ocampo received his B.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Pascual Bravo University institution, Colombia, in 2017, and his M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from CINVESTAV, Mexico, in 2021. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at CINVESTAV, Guadalajara, focusing on regional inertia estimation, and frequency monitoring.

Mario R. Arrieta Paternina, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Mario R. Arrieta Paternina (M' 11) holds a B.Eng. and M.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from National University of Colombia, Medellin, Colombia, in 2007 and 2009, respectively. In 2017, he obtained his D.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from CINVESTAV, and he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at the UNAM.

Jose M. Ramos-Guerrero, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Jose Manuel Ramos (Member, IEEE) received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in electrical power systems from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 2022 and 2024, respectively. Since 2024, he has been working towards the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering at UNAM. His areas of interest include the design of electrical machines, interconnection of renewable energy to the grid, and stability of power systems through modal patterns.

Gabriel E. Mejia-Ruiz, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Gabriel Mejia-Ruiz holds a B.Eng. in Control Engineering from the National University of Colombia (2007) and an M.Eng. from the University of Antioquia (2015). In 2023, he obtained a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). His expertise includes the design, modeling, and prototyping of grid-connected power electronic converters and real-time simulations of inverter-based power systems.

Juan M. Ramirez-Arredondo, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies

Juan M. Ramirez-Arredondo (Member, IEEE) received a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from UANL-Mexico, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico, in 1992., He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, CINVESTAV Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1999, where he is currently a full-time Professor. His research interests include smartgrids, microgrids, and power electronics applications., Dr. Ramirez-Arredondo is also a member of the Mexican Research System.

Lucas Lugnani, University of Campinas

Lucas Lugnani Fernandes holds a PhD in Electrical Engineering from State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil (UNICAMP). Graduated in Electrical Engineering from UTFPR (2016) and master’s in electrical engineering from UNICAMP (2018). He has experience in Electrical Engineering Power Systems, with an emphasis on parameter estimation, frequency stability, angular stability and synchrophasors, control and Lyapunov theory. He is currently pursuing the Post-Doctorate in UNICAMP, Brazil.

Felix Munguia-Perez, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Félix Ernesto Munguía Pérez holds a B. Eng. in Electronics and Telecommunications (2007), an M.Sc. in Instrumentation and Data Processing, both from Tecnólogico Nacional de México campus Culiacán (2016) and he is currently pursuing his D.Eng. in Renewable Energy from UNAM-IER. At this time, he is doing research on WAMCS at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.

Alejandro Zamora-Mendez, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo

Alejandro Zamora-Mendez (M' 11) obtained his B.S. and M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Mexico, in 2005 and 2008, respectively. He joined the Electrical Engineering Faculty, UMSNH in 2008. He received a D.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from CINVESTAV-Guadalajara in 2016.

Juan R. Rodriguez-Rodriguez, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)

Juan R. Rodríguez-Rodríguez received the B.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Morelia, Mexico, in 2009 and 2015, respectively. He is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Energy at UNAM, Mexico. His current research interests include power electronics converters, smart-grids, and renewable energy.

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Published

2025-04-17

How to Cite

Sanchez-Ocampo, A., Arrieta Paternina, M. R., Ramos-Guerrero, J. M., Mejia-Ruiz, G. E. ., Ramirez-Arredondo, J. M. ., Lugnani, L. ., Munguia-Perez, F. ., Zamora-Mendez, A., & Rodriguez-Rodriguez, J. R. . (2025). Real-time inertia estimation via ARMAX model representation and synchrophasor measurements. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 23(5), 405–414. Retrieved from https://latamt.ieeer9.org/index.php/transactions/article/view/9594

Issue

Vol. 23 No. 5 (2025): Ordinary Issue

Section

Electric Energy