An Overview of Massive MIMO for 5G and 6G

Authors

Keywords:

Massive MIMO, Terahertz, Channel Estimation, Machine Learning, 5G, 6G

Abstract

Massive MIMO is a disruptive technology that was born more than a decade ago, and that has been adopted as an integral part of the 5G standard. Without its many advantages, the next generation of communications systems would not be able to meet most of the requirements necessary to be called 5G. However, several challenges had to be solved from its inception until its adoption. Nowadays, with most of them overcome, researchers are turning their attention to novel ways to enhance the technology and have it once more being an essential feature of the next generation of communications systems, e.g., 6G. This work provides a brief but comprehensive overview of the technology known as Massive MIMO, its challenges, available solutions, and novel research directions. Additionally, we provide discussions on the use of Massive MIMO in Terahertz bands and the use of Machine Learning algorithms for channel estimation and signal detection tasks in such systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo, Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações - INATEL

Felipe A. P. de Figueiredo possui graduação em Engenharia Elétrica pelo Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações (2004), mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica pelo Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações (2011) e doutorado em Engenharia Elétrica pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (2019). Tem mais de 15 anos de experiência em P&D de sistemas de telecomunicações, como GSM, WCDMA, TV Digital, LTE e 5G. Atualmente é professor e pesquisador no INATEL, onde atua na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de soluções que visam o aumento da eficiência espectral da próxima geração de redes celulares e sem fio. Temas de interesse: MIMO, modulações multiportadora, processamento digital de sinais, aprendizado de máquina, modulações digitais, comunicações móveis, e desenvolvimento de projetos em FPGAs.

References

T. L. Marzetta, “Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with UnlimitedNumbers of Base Station Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on WirelessCommunications, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, 2010.

H. Tataria, M. Shafi, A. F. Molisch, M. Dohler, H. Sjöland, andF. Tufvesson, “6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities,” Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 1–34,2021.

F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. K. Lau, E. G. Larsson, T. L. Marzetta,O. Edfors, and F. Tufvesson, “Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunitiesand Challenges with Very Large ArRays,” IEEE Signal ProcessingMagazine, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 40–60, 2013.

F. A. P. de Figueiredo, F. A. C. M. Cardoso, I. Moerman, andG. Fraidenraich, “On the Application of Massive MIMO Systems toMachine Type Communications,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 2589–2611,2019.

J. Wu, “Research on Massive MIMO Key Technology in 5G,” inIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 466,p. 012083, IOP Publishing, 2018.

D. U. Campos Delgado, C. A. Gutierrez, and O. Caicedo, “5G andBeyond: Past, Present and Future of the Mobile Communications,”IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 19, p. 1702–1736, Apr. 2021.

I. F. Akyildiz and J. M. Jornet, “Realizing Ultra-Massive MIMO(1024× 1024) Communication in the (0.06–10) Terahertz Band,” NanoCommunication Networks, vol. 8, pp. 46–54, 2016.

S. A. Busari, K. M. S. Huq, S. Mumtaz, J. Rodriguez, Y. Fang,D. C. Sicker, S. Al Rubaye, and A. Tsourdos, “Generalized HybridBeamforming for Vehicular Connectivity Using THz Massive mimo,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 8372–8383, 2019.

N. Shlezinger, G. C. Alexandropoulos, M. F. Imani, Y. C. Eldar, andD. R. Smith, “Dynamic MetaSurface Antennas for 6G Extreme MassiveMIMO Communications,” IEEE Wireless Communications, 2021.

A. Osinsky, A. Ivanov, and D. Yarotsky, “Efficient Performance Boundfor Channel Estimation in Massive MIMO Receiver,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2021.

H. Helmy, S. El Daysti, H. Shatila, and M. Aboul Dahab, “Performance Enhancement of Massive MIMO Using Deep Learning-BasedChannel Estimation,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science andEngineering, vol. 1051, p. 012029, IOP Publishing, 2021.

Z. Mokhtari, M. Sabbaghian, and R. Dinis, “A survey on MassiveMIMO Systems in Presence of Channel and Hardware Impairments,”Sensors, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 164, 2019.

E. G. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T. L. Marzetta, “MassiveMIMO for Next Generation Wireless Systems,” IEEE CommunicationsMagazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 186–195, 2014.

J. Feng, S. Ma, S. Aïssa, and M. Xia, “Two-Way Massive MIMORelaying Systems With Non-Ideal Transceivers: Joint Power andHardware Scaling,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 67,no. 12, pp. 8273–8289, 2019.

Y. Xie, B. Li, Z. Yan, J. Fan, and M. Yang, “A general HybridPrecoding Method for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems,” Radio Eng,vol. 28, pp. 439–446, 2019.

J. A. Zhang, X. Huang, V. Dyadyuk, and Y. J. Guo, “Massive HybridAntenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Cellular Communications,” IEEEWireless Communications, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 79–87, 2015.

M. Soleimani, R. C. Elliott, W. A. Krzymien, J. Melzer, and P. Mou- ´savi, “Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Massive MIMO SystemsEmploying DFT-Assisted User Clustering,” IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 11646–11658, 2020.

Y. Pei, T.-H. Pham, and Y.-C. Liang, “How many RF Chains areOptimal for Large-Scale MIMO Systems when Circuit Power is Considered?,” in 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 3868–3873, IEEE, 2012.

H. Li, L. Song, D. Zhu, and M. Lei, “Energy Efficiency of LargeScale MIMO Systems with Transmit Antenna Selection,” in 2013 IEEEInternational Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 4641–4645,IEEE, 2013.

L. Lu, G. Y. Li, A. L. Swindlehurst, A. Ashikhmin, and R. Zhang, “AnOverview of Massive MIMO: Benefits and Challenges,” IEEE journalof selected topics in Signal processing, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 742–758,2014.

F. Sohrabi and W. Yu, “Hybrid Digital and Analog BeamformingDesign for Large-Scale Antenna Arrays,” IEEE Journal of SelectedTopics in Signal Processing, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 501–513, 2016.

C. Shepard, H. Yu, N. Anand, E. Li, T. Marzetta, R. Yang, andL. Zhong, “Argos: Practical Many-Antenna Base Stations,” in Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, (New York, NY, USA), p. 53–64, Associationfor Computing Machinery, 2012.

R. Janaswamy, “Effect of Element Mutual Coupling on the Capacity ofFixed Length Linear Arrays,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless PropagationLetters, vol. 1, pp. 157–160, 2002.

J. W. Wallace and M. A. Jensen, “Mutual Coupling in MIMO WirelessSystems: a Rigorous Network Theory Analysis,” IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1317–1325, 2004.

B. K. Lau, J. B. Andersen, G. Kristensson, and A. F. Molisch, “Impactof Matching Network on Bandwidth of Compact Antenna ArRays,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, no. 11,pp. 3225–3238, 2006.

A. Sibille, C. Oestges, and A. Zanella, MIMO: from Theory toImplementation. Academic Press, 2010.

Xavier Artiga, “On the Selection of Radiating Elements for CompactIndoor Massive-Multiple Input Multiple Output Base Stations,” IETMicroWaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 8, pp. 1–9(8), January2014.

A. L. Moustakas, H. U. Baranger, L. Balents, A. M. Sengupta, and S. H.Simon, “Communication Through a Diffusive Medium: Coherence andCapacity,” Science, vol. 287, no. 5451, pp. 287–290, 2000.

X. Gao, F. Tufvesson, and O. Edfors, “Massive MIMO Channels -Measurements and Models,” in 2013 Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers, pp. 280–284, 2013.

S. Wu, C. Wang, Y. Yang, W. Wang, and X. Gao, “PerformanceComparison of Massive MIMO Channel Models,” in 2016 IEEE/CICInternational Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), pp. 1–6, 2016.

K. Zheng, S. Ou, and X. Yin, “Massive MIMO Channel Models: ASurvey,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2014,2014.

S. Jaeckel, L. Raschkowski, K. Börner, and L. Thiele, “QuaDRiGa:A 3-D Multi-Cell Channel Model With Time Evolution for EnablingVirtual Field Trials,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 3242–3256, 2014.

Z. Jiang, A. F. Molisch, G. Caire, and Z. Niu, “Achievable Ratesof FDD Massive MIMO Systems With Spatial Channel Correlation,”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 14, no. 5,pp. 2868–2882, 2015.

J. Jose, A. Ashikhmin, T. L. Marzetta, and S. Vishwanath, “PilotContamination and Precoding in Multi-Cell TDD Systems,” IEEETransactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 2640–2651, 2011.

F. Kaltenberger, H. Jiang, M. Guillaud, and R. Knopp, “RelativeChannel Reciprocity Calibration in MIMO/TDD Systems,” in 2010Future Network Mobile Summit, pp. 1–10, 2010.

R. Rogalin, O. Y. Bursalioglu, H. C. Papadopoulos, G. Caire, andA. F. Molisch, “Hardware-Impairment Compensation for EnablingDistributed Large-Scale MIMO,” in 2013 Information Theory andApplications Workshop (ITA), pp. 1–10, 2013.

R. Rogalin, O. Y. Bursalioglu, H. Papadopoulos, G. Caire, A. F.Molisch, A. Michaloliakos, V. Balan, and K. Psounis, “Scalable Synchronization and Reciprocity Calibration for Distributed Multi-UserMIMO,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 13,no. 4, pp. 1815–1831, 2014.

H. Q. Ngo and E. G. Larsson, “EVD-Based Channel Estimation inMulticell Multi-User MIMO Systems with very Large Antenna Arrays,”in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech andSignal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 3249–3252, 2012.

A. Ashikhmin and T. Marzetta, “Pilot Contamination Precoding inMulti-cell Large Scale Antenna Systems,” in 2012 IEEE InternationalSymposium on Information Theory Proceedings, pp. 1137–1141, 2012.

Chiyang Xiao, Xin Su, Jie Zeng, Liping Rong, and Xibin Xu,“Multi-cell MMSE Precoding in Distributed Antenna System withPilot Contamination,” in 2015 IEEE/CIC International Conference onCommunications in China - Workshops (CIC/ICCC), pp. 27–31, 2015.

H. Yin, D. Gesbert, M. Filippou, and Y. Liu, “A Coordinated Approachto Channel Estimation in Large-Scale Multiple-Antenna Systems,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 2,pp. 264–273, 2013.

R. R. Müller, L. Cottatellucci, and M. Vehkaperä, “Blind Pilot DeContamination,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing,vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 773–786, 2014.

O. Elijah, C. Y. Leow, T. A. Rahman, S. Nunoo, and S. Z. Iliya, “AComprehensive Survey of Pilot Contamination in Massive MIMO—5GSystem,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 2,pp. 905–923, 2016.

F. A. P. de Figueiredo, F. A. Cardoso, I. Moerman, and G. Fraidenraich,“Channel Estimation for Massive MIMO TDD Systems AsSumingPilot Contamination and Flat Fading,” EURASIP Journal on WirelessCommunications and Networking, vol. 2018, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2018.

R. C. de Lamare, “Massive MIMO Systems: Signal processing Challenges and Future Trends,” URSI Radio Science Bulletin, vol. 2013,no. 347, pp. 8–20, 2013.

K. Zu, R. C. de Lamare, and M. Haardt, “Generalized Design of LowComplexity Block Diagonalization Type Precoding Algorithms forMulti-User MIMO Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communications,vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 4232–4242, 2013.

G. Caire and S. Shamai, “On the Achievable Throughput of a MultiAntenna Gaussian Broadcast Channel,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1691–1706, 2003.

C. Windpassinger, L. Lampe, R. F. H. Fischer, and T. Hehn, “A Performance Study of MIMO Detectors,” IEEE Transactions on WirelessCommunications, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 2004–2008, 2006.

C. B. Peel, B. M. Hochwald, and A. L. Swindlehurst, “A VectorPerturbation Technique for Near-Capacity Multi-Antenna Multi-UserCommunication-part I: Channel Inversion and Regularization,” IEEETransactions on Communications, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 195–202, 2005.

H. Q. Ngo, Massive MIMO: Fundamentals and System Designs,vol. 1642. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2015.

J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, and D. G. Messerschmitt, Digital Communication. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.

S. Verdu et al., Multi-User Detection. Cambridge university press,1998.

Y. Liang, E. Y. Cheu, L. Bai, and G. Pan, “On the RelationshipBetween MMSE-SIC and BI-GDFE Receivers for Large Multiple-InputMultiple-Output Channels,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 3627–3637, 2008.

H. Zhao, H. Long, and W. Wang, “Tabu Search Detection for MIMOSystems,” in 2007 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 1–5, 2007.

Y. Sun, “A Family of Likelihood Ascent Search Multi-User Detectors:An Upper Bound of Bit Error Rate and a Lower Bound of AsymptoticMulti-User Efficiency,” Trans. Comm., vol. 57, p. 1743–1752, June2009.

J. Jalden and B. Ottersten, “On the Complexity of Sphere Decodingin Digital Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1474–1484, 2005.

L. G. Barbero and J. S. Thompson, “Fixing the Complexity of theSphere Decoder for MIMO Detection,” IEEE Transactions on WirelessCommunications, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2131–2142, 2008.

B. B. Adela, “Antennas for Silicon-Based mm-Wave FMCW Radars:Antenna Integration and MIMO System Design,” 2019.

M. Z. Aslam, Y. Corre, E. Björnson, and E. G. Larsson, “Performanceof a Dense Urban Massive MIMO Network from a Simulated RayBased Channel,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications andNetworking, vol. 2019, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2019.

F. Sheikh, Y. Gao, and T. Kaiser, “A Study of Diffuse Scattering inMassive MIMO Channels at Terahertz Frequencies,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 997–1008, 2019.

L. M. Correia, Mobile BRoadBand MulTimedia Networks: Techniques,Models and Tools for 4G. Elsevier, 2010.

J. Poutanen, K. Haneda, J. Salmi, V.-M. Kolmonen, F. Tufvesson,T. Hult, and P. Vainikainen, “Significance of Common Scatterers inMulti-link Indoor Radio Wave Propagation,” in Proceedings of theFourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1–5,IEEE, 2010.

T. Santos, J. Karedal, P. Almers, F. Tufvesson, and A. F. Molisch,“Modeling the Ultra-WideBand Outdoor Channel: Measurements andParameter Extraction Method,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 282–290, 2010.

I. Khan, J. J. Rodrigues, J. Al Muhtadi, M. I. Khattak, Y. Khan,F. Altaf, S. S. Mirjavadi, and B. J. Choi, “A robust Channel EstimationScheme for 5G Massive MIMO Systems,” Wireless Communicationsand Mobile Computing, vol. 2019, 2019.

M. Azizipour and K. Mohamed Pour, “Compressed Downlink ChannelAcquisition Based on Burst Support Information in Large-Scale MIMOSystems,” Electronics Letters, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 489–491, 2019.

N. Tadayon, M. T. Rahman, S. Han, S. Valaee, and W. Yu, “Decimeter Ranging with Channel State Information,” IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 3453–3468, 2019.

J. Flordelis, F. Rusek, F. Tufvesson, E. G. Larsson, and O. Edfors,“Massive MIMO Performance—TDD Versus FDD: What Do Measurements Say?,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 17,no. 4, pp. 2247–2261, 2018.

E. Björnson, J. Hoydis, and L. Sanguinetti, “Pilot Contamination is nota Fundamental Asymptotic Limitation in Massive MIMO,” in 2017IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1–6,2017.

M. Sarajlic, F. Rusek, J. R. Sánchez, L. Liu, and O. Edfors, “Fully De- ´centralized Approximate Zero-Forcing Precoding for Massive MIMOSystems,” IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 8, no. 3,pp. 773–776, 2019.

H. Huang, Y. Song, J. Yang, G. Gui, and F. Adachi, “Deep-LearningBased Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO for Hybrid Precoding,” IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 3027–3032,2019.

D. Su, Y. Jiang, X. Wang, and X. Gao, “Omnidirectional Precoding forMassive MIMO with Uniform Rectangular Array—Part I: Complementary Codes-Based Schemes,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,vol. 67, no. 18, pp. 4761–4771, 2019.

Q. H. Spencer, A. L. Swindlehurst, and M. Haardt, “Zero-ForcingMethods for Downlink Spatial Multiplexing in Multi-User MIMOChannels,” IEEE transactions on Signal processing, vol. 52, no. 2,pp. 461–471, 2004.

H. Sung, S.-R. Lee, and I. Lee, “Generalized Channel InversionMethods for Multi-User MIMO Systems,” IEEE Transactions onCommunications, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3489–3499, 2009.

K. Zu and R. C. De Lamare, “Low-Complexity Lattice ReductionAided Regularized Block Diagonalization for MU-MIMO Systems,”IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 925–928, 2012.

K. Zu, R. C. de Lamare, and M. Haardt, “Generalized Design of LowComplexity Block Diagonalization Type Precoding Algorithms forMulti-User MIMO Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communications,vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 4232–4242, 2013.

L. Chu, F. Wen, L. Li, and R. Qiu, “Efficient NonLinear Precodingfor Massive MIMO Downlink Systems with 1-Bit DACs,” IEEETransactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 4213–4224, 2019.

M. A. Albreem, A. H. A. Habbash, A. M. Abu Hudrouss, and S. S.Ikki, “Overview of Precoding Techniques for Massive MIMO,” IEEEAccess, vol. 9, pp. 60764–60801, 2021.

I. A. Khoso, X. Dai, M. N. Irshad, A. Khan, and X. Wang, “A LowComplexity Data Detection Algorithm for Massive MIMO Systems,”IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 39341–39351, 2019.

M. A. Albreem, M. Juntti, and S. Shahabuddin, “Massive MIMODetection Techniques: A survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys &Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 3109–3132, 2019.

X. Tan, Y.-L. Ueng, Z. Zhang, X. You, and C. Zhang, “A LowComplexity Massive MIMO Detection Based on Approximate Expectation Propagation,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68,no. 8, pp. 7260–7272, 2019.

F. A. P. de Figueiredo, F. A. Cardoso, J. P. Miranda, I. Moerman, C. F.Dias, and G. Fraidenraich, “Large-Scale Antenna Systems and MassiveMachine type Communications,” International journal of WirelessInformation Networks, vol. 27, pp. 317–339, 2020.

A. Paulraj, A. P. Rohit, R. Nabar, and D. Gore, Introduction to SpaceTime Wireless Communications. Cambridge university press, 2003.

D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.Cambridge university press, 2005.

M. A. Albreem, M. Juntti, and S. Shahabuddin, “Massive MIMO Detection Techniques: A Survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 3109–3132, 2019.

Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, “Propagation Measurement System andApproach at 140 GHz-Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz,” in 2018IEEE global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1–6,IEEE, 2018.

H. Sarieddeen, N. Saeed, T. Y. Al Naffouri, and M.-S. Alouini, “NextGeneration Terahertz Communications: A Rendezvous of Sensing,Imaging, and Localization,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 58,no. 5, pp. 69–75, 2020.

I. F. Akyildiz, C. Han, and S. Nie, “Combating the Distance Problemin the Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Frequency Bands,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 102–108, 2018.

J. M. Jornet and I. F. Akyildiz, “Channel Modeling and CapacityAnalysis for Electromagnetic Wireless Nano-Networks in the TerahertzBand,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 10,no. 10, pp. 3211–3221, 2011.

I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet, and C. Han, “Terahertz Band: Next Frontierfor Wireless Communications,” Physical Communication, vol. 12,pp. 16–32, 2014.

H. Elayan, O. Amin, R. M. Shubair, and M.-S. Alouini, “TerahertzCommunication: The Opportunities of Wireless Technology Beyond5G,” in 2018 International Conference on Advanced CommunicationTechnologies and Networking (CommNet), pp. 1–5, IEEE, 2018.

S. Priebe and T. Kurner, “Stochastic Modeling of THz Indoor RadioChannels,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 12,no. 9, pp. 4445–4455, 2013.

S. Kim and A. Zajic, “Statistical Modeling of THz Scatter Channels,” ´in 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EuCAP), pp. 1–5, IEEE, 2015.

D. He, K. Guan, A. Fricke, B. Ai, R. He, Z. Zhong, A. Kasamatsu,I. Hosako, and T. Kürner, “Stochastic Channel Modeling for KioskApplications in the Terahertz Band,” IEEE Transactions on TerahertzScience and Technology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 502–513, 2017.

A. R. Ekti, A. Boyaci, A. Alparslan, ˙I. Ünal, S. Yarkan, A. Görçin,H. Arslan, and M. Uysal, “Statistical Modeling of Propagation Channels for Terahertz Band,” in 2017 IEEE Conference on Standards forCommunications and Networking (CSCN), pp. 275–280, IEEE, 2017.

M. A. Khalighi and M. Uysal, “Survey on Free Space optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective,” IEEE Communications surveys & tutorials, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2231–2258, 2014.

H. Tataria, M. Shafi, A. F. Molisch, M. Dohler, H. Sjöland, andF. Tufvesson, “6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 2021.

S. A. Busari, K. M. S. Huq, S. Mumtaz, and J. Rodriguez, “TerahertzMassive MIMO for Beyond-5G Wireless Communication,” in ICC2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC),pp. 1–6, 2019.

M. Benzaghta and K. M. Rabie, “Massive MIMO Systems for 5G: ASystematic Mapping Study on Antenna Design Challenges and ChannelEstimation Open Issues,” IET Communications, 2021.

A. Ly and Y.-D. Yao, “A Review of Deep Learning in 5G Research:Channel Coding, Massive MIMO, Multiple Access, Resource Allocation, and Network Security,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 2, pp. 396–408, 2021.

C. Jiang, H. Zhang, Y. Ren, Z. Han, K. C. Chen, and L. Hanzo, “Machine Learning Paradigms for Next-Generation Wireless Networks,”IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 98–105, 2017.

D. López Pérez, A. De Domenico, N. Piovesan, H. Baohongqiang,G. Xinli, S. Qitao, and M. Debbah, “A Survey on 5G Energy Efficiency:Massive MIMO, Lean Carrier Design, Sleep Modes, and MachineLearning,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.11246, 2021.

M. Soltani, V. Pourahmadi, A. Mirzaei, and H. Sheikhzadeh, “DeepLearning-Based Channel Estimation,” IEEE Communications Letters,vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 652–655, 2019.

L. Sanguinetti, E. Björnson, and J. Hoydis, “Toward Massive MIMO2.0: Understanding Spatial Correlation, Interference Suppression, andPilot Contamination,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 68,no. 1, pp. 232–257, 2020.

E. Björnson, J. Hoydis, and L. Sanguinetti, “Massive MIMO Networks:Spectral, Energy, and Hardware Efficiency,” Foundations and Trendsin Signal Processing, vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 154–655, 2017.

T. L. Marzetta, Fundamentals of Massive MIMO. Cambridge UniversityPress, 2016.

T. Schenk, RF Imperfections in High-Rate Wireless Systems: Impactand Digital Compensation. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008.

R. Nie, L. Chen, N. Zhao, Y. Chena, W. Wang, and X. Wangb, “Impact and Calibration of Non-Linear Reciprocity Mismatch in MassiveMIMO Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2021.

S. Huang, D. Qiu, and T. D. Tran, “Bayesian Massive MIMO ChannelEstimation with Parameter Estimation Using Low-Resolution ADCs,”in ICASSP 2021-2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 4830–4834, IEEE, 2021.

M. I. Zahoor, D. Zheng, S. Ayub, and M. Waqas, “Bayesian ChannelEstimation in Massive MIMO System,” in 2018 2nd International Conference on Imaging, Signal Processing and Communication (ICISPC),pp. 91–96, IEEE, 2018.

C. Zhu, Z. Zheng, B. Jiang, W. Zhong, and X. Gao, “Bayesian ChannelEstimation for Massive MIMO Communications,” in 2016 IEEE 83rdVehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1–5, IEEE, 2016.

Özlem Tugfe Demir and Emil Björnson, “Channel Estimation inMassive MIMO under Hardware Non-Linearities: Bayesian MethodsVersus Deep Learning,” 2019.

Samad Ali, Walid Saad, Nandana Rajatheva, Kapseok Chang, DanielSteinbach, Benjamin Sliwa, Christian Wietfeld, Kai Mei, Hamid Shiri,Hans-Jürgen Zepernick, Thi My Chinh Chu, Ijaz Ahmad, Jyrki Huusko, Jaakko Suutala, Shubhangi Bhadauria, Vimal Bhatia, RangeetMitra, Saidhiraj Amuru, Robert Abbas, Baohua Shao, Michele Capobianco, Guanghui Yu, Maelick Claes, Teemu Karvonen, Mingzhe Chen,Maksym Girnyk, and Hassan Malik, “6G White Paper on MachineLearning in Wireless Communication Networks,” 2020.

A. Schenk and R. F. Fischer, “Noncoherent Detection in MassiveMIMO Systems,” in WSA 2013; 17th International ITG Workshop onSmart Antennas, pp. 1–8, VDE, 2013.

W. Fukuda, T. Abiko, T. Nishimura, T. Ohgane, Y. Ogawa, Y. Ohwatari,and Y. Kishiyama, “Low-Complexity Detection Based on Belief Propagation in a Massive MIMO System,” in 2013 IEEE 77th VehicularTechnology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1–5, IEEE, 2013.

H. He, S. Jin, C.-K. Wen, F. Gao, G. Y. Li, and Z. Xu, “Model-DrivenDeep Learning for Physical Layer Communications,” IEEE WirelessCommunications, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 77–83, 2019.

H. Q. Ngo, A. Ashikhmin, H. Yang, E. G. Larsson, and T. L. Marzetta,“Cell-Free Massive MIMO Versus Small Cells,” IEEE Transactions onWireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1834–1850, 2017.

G. Interdonato, E. Björnson, H. Q. Ngo, P. Frenger, and E. G. Larsson,“Ubiquitous Cell-Free Massive MIMO Communications,” EURASIPJournal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2019, no. 1,pp. 1–13, 2019.

S. Hu, F. Rusek, and O. Edfors, “Beyond Massive MIMO: ThePotential of Data Transmission with Large Intelligent Surfaces,” IEEETransactions on Signal Processing, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 2746–2758,2018.

F. A. P. de Figueiredo, M. S. P. Facina, R. C. Ferreira, Y. Ai, R. Ruby,Q.-V. Pham, and G. Fraidenraich, “Large Intelligent Surfaces WithDiscrete Set of Phase-Shifts Communicating Through Double-RayleighFading Channels,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 20768–20787, 2021.

Emil Björnson, Luca Sanguinetti, Henk Wymeersch, Jakob Hoydis, andThomas L. Marzetta, “Massive MIMO is a Reality—What is Next?:Five Promising Research Directions for Antenna Arrays,” DigitalSignal Processing, vol. 94, pp. 3–20, 2019. Special Issue on SourceLocalization in Massive MIMO.

Published

2022-02-02

How to Cite

Pereira de Figueiredo, F. A. (2022). An Overview of Massive MIMO for 5G and 6G. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 20(6), 931–940. Retrieved from https://latamt.ieeer9.org/index.php/transactions/article/view/5886