Optimal Control of an Inverter-based Virtual Synchronous Generator with Inertial Response
Keywords:
Nonlinear control, Optimal control, Renewable energy, DC-AC converters, Inertial Response, Reactive PowerAbstract
Renewable energy sources are gradually replacing conventional synchronous generators, which are responsible for supplying the power grid inertia damping properties. This paper proposes a nonlinear optimal controller for a renewable energy generation system based on a power electronics inverter, in order to incorporate the system inertia behavior through imitating the rotor inertia of synchronous generators. The main contributions of this paper are: 1) the modeling and synthesis of a nonlinear optimal control scheme for a power inverter such that it dynamically behaves as a conventional synchronous generator, where the active and reactive power are regulated, and provides robustness against utility grid disturbances; 2) the dynamical modeling of the virtual inertia-based inverter generator and its corresponding response to power reference variations and utility grid voltage disturbances. Further, an analysis procedure is presented to compute a predefined value of the inverter inertia constant, proportional to the one that a synchronous generator could provide, but taking into account the rated power of the generator. Simulation results assess the proposed methodology effectiveness
Downloads
References
U. Tamrakar, D. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, B. P. Bhattarai, T. M. Hansen,
and R. Tonkoski, “Virtual inertia: Current trends and future directions,”
Applied Sciences, vol. 7, p. 654, 2017.
K. M. Cheema, “A comprehensive review of virtual synchronous generator,”
International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems, vol.
, p. 106006, 2020.
H. Beck and R. Hesse, “Virtual synchronous machine,” 2007 9th
International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation,
Barcelona, España, pp. 1–6, 2007.
Q. Zhong and G. Weiss, “Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic synchronous
generators,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 58, pp. 1259–1267, 2011.
M. van Wesenbeeck, S. de Haan, P. Varela, and K. Visscher, “Grid tied
converter with virtual kinetic storage,” 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech,
Bucharest, Romania, pp. 1–7, 2009.
P. Chandrakar, S. Saha, P. Das, A. Singh, and S. Debbarma, “Grid
integration of PV system using synchronverter,” 2018 International
Conference on Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication
(ICCPEIC), Chennai, India, pp. 237–242, 2018.
M. Jami, Q. Shafiee, and H. Bevrani, “Dynamic performance improvement
of DC microgrids using virtual impedance,” 2018 Smart Grid
Conference (SGC), Sanandaj, Iran, pp. 1–6, 2018.
S. Kumaravel, V. Thomas, T. M. Kumar, and S. Ashok, “Development of
the synchronverter for green energy integration,” in Distributed Energy
Resources in Microgrids, 1st ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Estados
Unidos: Academic Press, 2019, ch. 13, pp. 345–356.
K. De Brabandere, B. Bolsens, J. Van den Keybus, A. Woyte, J. Driesen,
and R. Belmans, “A voltage and frequency droop control method for
parallel inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22,
no. 4, pp. 1107–1115, 2007.
D. Naidu, Optimal Control Systems, 1st ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC
Press, 2003.
B. Anderson and J. Moore, Optimal control: linear quadratic methods.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
T. Çimen, “Systematic and effective design of nonlinear feedback
controllers via the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) method,”
Annu. Rev. Control., vol. 34, pp. 32–51, 2010.
F. Ornelas-Tellez, J. Rico, and R. Ruiz-Cruz, “Optimal tracking for statedependent
coefficient factorized nonlinear systems,” Asian Journal of
Control, vol. 16, pp. 890–903, 2014.
R. Alik, A. Jusoh, and T. Sutikno, “A review on perturb and observe
maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic system,” TELKOMNIKA
Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, vol. 13, pp.
–751, 2015.
P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, 1st ed. New York: Mc
Graw-Hill, 1994.
J. J. Grainger, W. Stevenson, and G. Chang, Power System Analysis,
th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1994.
P. Denholm, T. Mai, R. W. Kenyon, B. Kroposki, and M. O’Malley, “Inertia
and the power grid a guide without the spin,” National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL), Tech. Rep., 2020.
J. Fang, Y. Tang, H. Li, and F. Blaabjerg, “The role of power electronics
in future low inertia power systems,” 2018 IEEE International
Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC),
Shenzhen, China, pp. 1–6, 2018.
Z. Wang, F. Zhuo, J. Wu, H. Yi, H. Zhai, and Z. Zeng, “Inertia
time constant design in microgrids with multiple paralleled virtual
synchronous generators,” 2017 19th European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 1–9, 2017.
L. Lu, O. Saborío-Romano, and N. Cutululis, “Reduced-order-VSMbased
frequency controller for wind turbines,” Energies, vol. 14, p. 528,
2021.
F. Ornelas-Tellez, J. Rico-Melgoza, E. Espinosa-Juárez, and E. Sánchez,
“Optimal and robust control in DC microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 9, pp. 5543–5553, 2018.
F. Ornelas-Tellez and A. Villafuerte, “Adaptive polynomial identification
and optimal tracking control for nonlinear systems,” in 2015 Proceedings
of the Conference on Control and its Applications, 2015, pp. 259–265.
M. A. Chowdhury, N. Hosseinzadeh, W. Shen, and H. Pota, “Comparative
study on fault responses of synchronous generators and wind
turbine generators using transient stability index based on transient
energy function,” International Journal of Electrical Power Energy
Systems, vol. 51, pp. 145–152, 2013.
L. Díez-Maroto, L. Rouco, and F. Fernández-Bernal, “Fault ride through
capability of round rotor synchronous generators: Review, analysis and
discussion of european grid code requirements,” Electric Power Systems
Research, vol. 140, pp. 27–36, 2016.
V. O. Zambrano, E. Makram, and R. Harley, “Transient response of
synchronous and asynchronous machines to asymmetrical faults in an
unbalanced network,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 14, pp.
–166, 1988.
