A Methodology to Assist in Improvements of Low-cost Electrical Impedance Tomography Systems
Keywords:
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Data Acquisition Design, Error Analysis, Instrumentation, MeasurementAbstract
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a technique that enables the reconstruction of the impedance distributions inside a vessel in a multiphase flow of industrial processes. Such a technique combines a data acquisition (DAQ) system to inject a current and to measure the voltages on the sensors and an inverse problem technique to reconstruct the image properly. This problem is highly ill-conditioned, causing errors to produce instabilities. Therefore, when performing the acquisition, the DAQ system must have adequate accuracy to allow the reconstruction of images with good quality. To avoid these measurement inaccuracies, this paper introduces a methodology that aid in the process of development of low-cost systems. It consists of investigating the errors in the current version of the system. Further, predicting the systematic errors of each subsystem by modeling its frequency response by Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE). From this information, it is possible to perform critical analysis, aiding design decisions.
Downloads
References
F. Dickin and M. Wang, “Electrical resistance tomography for process
applications,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.
–260, mar 1996.
B. H. Brown and A. D. Seagar, “The Sheffield data collection system,”
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement, vol. 8, no. 4A, pp.
–97, nov 1987.
V. Kolehmainen, M. Vauhkonen, P. A. Karjalainen, and J. P. Kaipio,
“Assessment of errors in static electrical impedance tomography with ad-
jacent and trigonometric current patterns,” Physiological Measurement,
vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 289–303, 1997.
A. M. M. da Mata, B. F. de Moura, M. F. Martins, F. H. S.
Palma, and R. Ramos, “Parasitic capacitances estimation of an
electrical impedance tomography data acquisition system by bayesian
inference,” Measurement, vol. 174, p. 108992, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224121000270
T. I. Oh, H. Wi, D. Y. Kim, P. J. Yoo, and E. J. Woo, “A fully parallel
multi-frequency EIT system with flexible electrode configuration: KHU
mark2,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 835–849, jun
Mi Wang, Yixin Ma, N. Holliday, Yunfeng Dai, R. A. Williams, and
G. Lucas, “A high-performance EIT system,” IEEE Sensors Journal,
vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 289–299, April 2005.
X. Shi, W. Li, F. You, X. Huo, C. Xu, Z. Ji, R. Liu, B. Liu, Y. Li, F. Fu,
and X. Dong, “High-precision electrical impedance tomography data
acquisition system for brain imaging,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 18,
no. 14, pp. 5974–5984, July 2018.
W. Li, J. Xia, G. Zhang, H. Ma, B. Liu, L. Yang, Y. Zhou, X. Dong,
F. Fu, and X. Shi, “Fast high-precision electrical impedance tomography
system for real-time perfusion imaging,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp.
570–61 580, 2019.
R. D. Cook, G. J. Saulnier, D. G. Gisser, J. C. Goble, J. C. Newell, and
D. Isaacson, “Act3: a high-speed, high-precision electrical impedance
tomograph,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 41,
no. 8, pp. 713–722, 1994.
Y. Mamatjan, S. Bohm, P. Gaggero, and A. Adler, “Evaluation of eit
system performance,” Physiological measurement, vol. 32, pp. 851–65,
2011.
K. G. Boone and D. S. Holder, “Current approaches to analogue ins-
trumentation design in electrical impedance tomography,” Physiological
Measurement, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 229–247, nov 1996.
D. Holder, Electrical Impedance Tomography: Methods, History and Ap-
plications, ser. Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering.
CRC Press, 2004.
S. Wang, Y. Liu, K. Andrikopoulos, and W. Yin, “Design of a low-cost
integrated electrical resistance tomography(ert) system based on serial
bus,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and
Techniques (IST), 2016, pp. 273–277.
M. Soleimani, “Electrical impedance tomography system: an open
access circuit design,” Biomedical engineering online, vol. 5, 2006.
M. Khalighi, B. Vosoughi Vahdat, M. Mortazavi, W. Hy, and M. So-
leimani, “Practical design of low-cost instrumentation for industrial
electrical impedance tomography (eit),” in 2012 IEEE International
Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings,
, pp. 1259–1263.
B. F. de Moura, M. F. Martins, F. H. S. Palma, W. B. da Silva,
J. A. Cabello, and R. Ramos, “Design of a low-cost acquisition system
to reconstruct images through electrical resistance tomography,” IEEE
Latin America Transactions, vol. 18, no. 09, pp. 1592–1598, 2020.
V. Damasceno, D. Fratta, and P. Bosscher, “Development and validation
of a low-cost electrical resistivity tomographer for soil process monito-
ring,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 46, pp. 842–854, 07 2009.
V. Mosquera, A. Arregui, R. Bragós, and C. Rengifo, “Implementation
of a low cost prototype for electrical impedance tomography based on
the integrated circuit for body composition measurement afe4300,” in
th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems
and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2018), 01 2018, pp. 121–127.
M. Vauhkonen, D. Vadasz, P. A. Karjalainen, E. Somersalo, and J. P.
Kaipio, “Tikhonov regularization and prior information in electrical im-
pedance tomography,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 17,
no. 2, pp. 285–293, April 1998.
E. Fransolet, M. Crine, G. L’Homme, D. Toye, and P. Marchot,
“Electrical resistance tomography sensor simulations: comparison with
experiments,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 8, pp.
–1247, jul 2002.
A. Adler and R. Guardo, “Electrical impedance tomography: regularized
imaging and contrast detection,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,
vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 170–179, 1996.
M. Pelgrom, Analog-to-Digital Conversion, ser. SpringerLink : Bücher.
Springer New York, 2012.
S. Meeson, B. H. Blott, and A. L. T. Killingback, “EIT data noise
evaluation in the clinical environment,” Physiological Measurement,
vol. 17, no. 4A, pp. A33–A38, 1996.
A. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Holder, L. Eadie, C. Hare, and R. H. Bayford, “A
comparison of techniques to optimize measurement of voltage changes
in electrical impedance tomography by minimizing phase shift errors,”
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 668–675,
M. Wang, Industrial Tomography: Systems and Applications, 1st ed.
Woodhead Publishing, Limited, 2015.
A. Mahnam, H. Yazdanian, and M. M. Samani, “Comprehensive study of
howland circuit with non-ideal components to design high performance
current pumps,” Measurement, vol. 82, pp. 94 – 104, 2016.
A. S. Tucker, R. M. Fox, and R. J. Sadleir, “Biocompatible, high
precision, wideband, improved howland current source with lead-lag
compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems,
vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 63–70, Feb 2013.
N. Kularatna, Electronic Circuit Design: From Concept to Implementa-
tion.
CRC Press, 2017.
J. Rubinstein, P. Penfield, and M. A. Horowitz, “Signal delay in RC tree
networks,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated
Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 202–211, 1983.
P. B. Ishai, M. S. Talary, A. Caduff, E. Levy, and Y. Feldman, “Electrode
polarization in dielectric measurements: a review,” Measurement Science
and Technology, vol. 24, no. 10, p. 102001, 2013.
M. Wang, “Electrode models in electrical impedance tomography,”
Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1386–
, 2005.
A. Hassibi, R. Navid, R. Dutton, and T. Lee, “Comprehensive study of
noise processes in electrode electrolyte interfaces,” Journal of Applied
Physics, vol. 96, 2004.
L. Counts and C. Kitchen, A Designer’s Guide to Instrumentation
Amplifiers, 3rd ed.
Analog Devices, 2006.
AD536A: Integrated Circuit True RMS-to-DC Converter Data Sheet
(Rev. G), Analog Devices, 2019.
A. Adler and W. R. B. Lionheart, “Uses and abuses of EIDORS: an
extensible software base for EIT,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 27,
no. 5, pp. S25–S42, apr 2006.
D. Gadani, V. Rana, S. Bhatnagar, A. Prajapati, and A.D.Vyas, “Effect
of salinity on the dielectric properties of water,” Indian Journal of Pure
and Applied Physics, vol. 50, pp. 405–410, 06 2012.
ADG506A/ADG507A: CMOS 8-/16-Channel Analog Multiplexers Data
Sheet (Rev. C), Analog Devices, 1998.
INA12x Precision, Low-Power Instrumentation Amplifiers datasheet
(Rev. E), Texas Instruments, 2019.
JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 14, NO. 8, AUGUST 2015
P. Bertemes-Filho, A. Felipei, and V. C. Vincence, “High accurate
Howland current source: Output constraints analysis,” Circuits and
Systems, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 451–458, 2013.
K. Sakamoto, T. J. Yorkey, and J. G. Webster, “Some physical results
from an impedance camera,” Clinical Physics and Physiological Mea-
surement, vol. 8, no. 4A, pp. 71–76, nov 1987.
D. Bouchaala, O. Kanoun, and N. Derbel, “High accurate and wide-
band current excitation for bioimpedance health monitoring systems,”
Measurement, vol. 79, pp. 339 – 348, 2016.
