Protection Coordination in Microgrids: Current Weaknesses, Available Solutions and Future Challenges
Keywords:
Microgrids, power system protection, distributed generation, electrical protection coordinationAbstract
Coordination of microgrids protections is an emerging research issue due to the increasing participation of distributed generation (DG) in power grids. This review paper aims to show the current weaknesses in the coordination of protections for microgrids, as well as the available solutions and future challenges. The review evidences that microgrid protection systems must face two important aspects. The first one is the dynamic behavior presented by the microgrids that take place due to the intermittency of energy resources. The second one is related to the operation modes of the microgrids, since they may operate either connected or disconnected from the distribution network. The literature review also allowed classifying the most used protection schemes for microgrids. A comprehensive analysis which performs a discusion of the most relevant future challenges regarding microgrid protection coordination is also presented.
Downloads
References
J. S. Giraldo, J. A. Castrillon, J. C. L´opez, M. J. Rider, and C. A. Castro, “Microgrids energy management using robust convex programming,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4520–4530, July 2019.
R. H. Lasseter and P. Paigi, “Microgrid: a conceptual solution,” in 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551), vol. 6, June 2004, pp. 4285–4290 Vol.6.
P. P. Vergara, J. C. L´opez, M. J. Rider, and L. C. P. da Silva, “Optimal operation of unbalanced three-phase islanded droop-based microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 928–940, Jan 2019.
C. Gamarra and J. M. Guerrero, “Computational optimization techniques applied to microgrids planning: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 48, pp. 413 – 424, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115002956
M. Henderson, “Microgrid controllers: Their important role in the system [from the editor],” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 4–6, July 2017.
S. A. Hosseini, H. A. Abyaneh, S. H. H. Sadeghi, F. Razavi, and A. Nasiri, “An overview of microgrid protection methods and the factors involved,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 64, pp. 174 – 186, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116302088
J. Kennedy, “Distribution protection in a modern grid embedded with renewable energy resources,” University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016, Jan. 2015. [Online]. Available: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4367
J. J. Justo, F. Mwasilu, J. Lee, and J.-W. Jung, “Ac-microgrids versus dc-microgrids with distributed energy resources: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 24, pp. 387 – 405, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032113002268
A. P. S. Meliopoulos, “Challenges in simulation and design of /spl mu/grids,” in 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37309), vol. 1, Jan 2002, pp. 309–314 vol.1.
D. M. Bui and S.-L. Chen, “Fault protection solutions appropriately proposed for ungrounded low-voltage ac microgrids: Review and proposals,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 75, pp. 1156 – 1174, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116308589
E. Sortomme, G. J. Mapes, B. A. Foster, and S. S. Venkata, “Fault analysis and protection of a microgrid,” in 2008 40th North American Power Symposium, Sep. 2008, pp. 1–6.
V. Telukunta, J. Pradhan, A. Agrawal, M. Singh, and S. G. Srivani, “Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in power systems: A review,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 365–379, Dec 2017.
S. Mirsaeidi, X. Dong, and D. M. Said, “Towards hybrid ac/dc microgrids: Critical analysis and classification of protection strategies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 90, pp. 97 – 103, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118301369
A. A. Memon and K. Kauhaniemi, “A critical review of ac microgrid protection issues and available solutions,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 129, pp. 23 – 31, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779615002163
B. J. Brearley and R. R. Prabu, “A review on issues and approaches for microgrid protection,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 67, pp. 988 – 997, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116305354
D. M. Bui, S.-L. Chen, K.-Y. Lien, Y.-R. Chang, Y.-D. Lee, and J.-L. Jiang, “Investigation on transient behaviours of a uni-grounded low-voltage ac microgrid and evaluation on its available fault protection methods: Review and proposals,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 75, pp. 1417 – 1452, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116308735
M. Brucoli, “Fault behaviour and fault detection in islanded inverteronly microgrids,” PhD Dissertation, Imperial College London, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/4387
J. M. D. Dewadasa, “Protection of distributed generation interfaced networks,” Ph.D. dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/43681/
B. Hussain, “Protection of distribution networks with distributed generation,” phd, University of Southampton, Sep. 2011. [Online]. Available: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/334178/
L. Che, M. E. Khodayar, and M. Shahidehpour, “Adaptive protection system for microgrids: Protection practices of a functional microgrid system.” IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 66–80, March 2014.
A. R. Haron, A. Mohamed, H. Shareef, and H. Zayandehroodi, “Analysis and solutions of overcurrent protection issues in a microgrid,” in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), Dec 2012, pp. 644–649.
T. S. Ustun, “Design and development of a communication-assisted microgrid protection system,” phd, Victoria University, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.vu.edu.au/research
P. P. Barker and R. W. De Mello, “Determining the impact of distributed generation on power systems. i. radial distribution systems,” in 2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134), vol. 3, July 2000, pp. 1645–1656 vol. 3.
L. K. Kumpulainen and K. T. Kauhaniemi, “Analysis of the impact of distributed generation on automatic reclosing,” in IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004., Oct 2004, pp. 603–608 vol.1.
K. Kauhaniemi and L. Kumpulainen, “Impact of distributed generation on the protection of distribution networks,” in 2004 Eighth IEE International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, vol. 1, April 2004, pp. 315–318 Vol.1.
F. Freitas, C. Donadel, M. C´o, and E. Silva, “Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays inradial electrical distribution networks,” IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 17, no. 03, pp. 520–527, 2019.
M. H. Marcolino, J. B. Leite, and J. R. S. Mantovani, “Optimal coordination of overcurrent directional and distance relays in meshed networks using genetic algorithm,” IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2975–2982, 2015.
A. A. Kida and L. A. G. Pareja, “Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays using mixed integer linear programming,” IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1289–1295, 2016.
S. M. Saad, N. El-Naily, and F. A. Mohamed, “A new constraint considering maximum psm of industrial over-current relays to enhance the performance of the optimization techniques for microgrid protection schemes,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 44, pp. 445 – 457, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670718313751
R. M. Chabanloo, M. G. Maleki, S. M. M. Agah, and E. M. Habashi, “Comprehensive coordination of radial distribution network protection in the presence of synchronous distributed generation using fault current limiter,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 99, pp. 214 – 224, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061517314023
A. Sharma and B. K. Panigrahi, “Phase fault protection scheme for reliable operation of microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 2646–2655, May 2018.
A. H. Etemadi and R. Iravani, “Overcurrent and overload protection of directly voltage-controlled distributed resources in a microgrid,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 5629–5638, Dec 2013.
A. Ukil, B. Deck, and V. H. Shah, “Current-only directional overcurrent relay,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1403–1404, June 2011.
——, “Current-only directional overcurrent protection for distribution automation: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1687–1694, Dec 2012.
A. Jalilian, M. T. Hagh, and S. M. Hashemi, “An innovative directional relaying scheme based on postfault current,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2640–2647, Dec 2014.
L. M. Pintos, M. Moreto, and J. G. Rolim, “Applicability analysis of directional overcurrent relay without voltage reference in microgrids,” IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 687–693, Feb 2016.
H. M. Sharaf, H. Zeineldin, D. K. Ibrahim, and E. E.-D. A. EL-Zahab, “A proposed coordination strategy for meshed distribution systems with dg considering user-defined characteristics of directional inverse time overcurrent relays,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 65, pp. 49 – 58, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061514005791
K. A. Saleh, H. H. Zeineldin, A. Al-Hinai, and E. F. El-Saadany, “Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays using a new time–current–voltage characteristic,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 537–544, April 2015.
H. H. Zeineldin, H. M. Sharaf, D. K. Ibrahim, and E. E. A. El-Zahab, “Optimal protection coordination for meshed distribution systems with dg using dual setting directional over-current relays,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 115–123, Jan 2015.
K. A. Saleh, H. H. Zeineldin, and E. F. El-Saadany, “Optimal protection coordination for microgrids considering n
